Powersystemprotectionandswitchgearbyozapdffree 2022

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The chapter starts with discussion on common causes of power system accidents and the role of safety device in reducing the risks. Process and maintenance procedure for the power system has been presented. The chapter also deals with the fault classification, both thermal and mechanical. The basics of circuit breakers, switching systems and protections are briefly explained. Part-1: PART-1: COMPOSITION OF A POWER SYSTEM Introduction 1.1 INTRODUCTION Electricity plays an important role in daily life of a human being. The latest reports indicated that the demand for electricity has gone up by approximately 4 percent per year. According to the International Energy Agency, the global demand for electricity will increase by more than 40 percent by 2025. Figure 1.1 shows the potential demand and supply for electricity. Figure 1.1 Electricity demand and supply for a nation Source: IEA, 2006 [7] The increase in demand for electricity has led to an increase in capacity of generation, transmission, and distribution. To meet this increasing demand, engineers and scientists are constantly working to improve the design and performance of electrical distribution systems. Therefore, this book provides basic information on the theory and practice of distribution systems. This book is written to provide a basic understanding of distribution systems to the basic undergraduate student. This book is intended to assist a novice to understand the concepts of distribution systems and helps the reader to design and maintain a distribution system. The intended audience is non-technical, for example, the industrial engineers, electrical technicians, and students in the field of power distribution and power systems. 1.2 PHASES OF A POWER SYSTEM The distribution system consists of the following four major phases as shown in Fig. 1.2: The main or generation phase consists of power stations or generators at which the electricity is produced. The power generated at the generator is conveyed via the transmission phase to the distribution or the transmission and distribution phase. The distribution phase consists of power distribution companies (PDS) or consumers (disaggregated or urban) of electricity. The distribution system delivers electricity from the power generation phase to the consumer or end users. The transmission phase consists of overhead or submarine line or cable, substations, and feeder distribution system. The transmission phase conveys the electricity generated by the main or generation phase to the distribution or transmission and distribution phase. The transmission and distribution phase conveys electricity to the consumers or end users. The

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